【目的】为明晰大豆作为国家粮食安全战略作物的区域布局优化路径，识别黑龙江省大豆生产区域比较优势的动态演变规律与关键影响因素，完善农业空间优化政策体系。【方法】本研究基于2014—2023年黑龙江省13个地级市面板数据，运用综合比较优势指数法测度各地市生产区域比较优势，结合空间自相关分析法揭示空间变化特征，并构建空间杜宾模型分析自然资源、经济、社会、技术以及制度等多维影响机制。【结果】结果表明：(1)2014—2023年间，黑龙江省大豆生产区域比较优势呈现“规模优势逐步收缩、效率优势持续增强、综合优势有所减弱”的特征；(2)在空间格局上，黑龙江省大豆生产空间集聚效应在缓慢增强，并且呈现“北部核心优势区域稳定，南部区域波动调整”的空间变化特征；(3)实证结果表明，平均年降水量、资源禀赋系数、比较收益、农业总产值、单位面积农业机械总动力、大豆单产水平和农业财政收支均对大豆生产区域比较优势产生显著的正向效应，而全年平均气温、农村常住居民人均可支配收入和非农就业机会则产生显著的负向效应。【结论】黑龙江省大豆区域比较优势较为明显。为进一步挖掘并强化该区域大豆生产的比较优势，应重点关注加强气候适应性研究、优化生产布局、推进技术集成创新工程，以及完善政策保障机制等建议，旨在提升黑龙江省大豆生产区域比较优势，为东北黑土地产能提升与粮食安全战略实施提供科学、可靠的决策依据。

[Objective] To clarify the regional layout optimization path of soybean as a national food security strategic crop, identify the dynamic evolution law and key driving factors of comparative advantages in soybean production areas in Heilongjiang Province, and improve the policy system for agricultural spatial optimization. [Method] This study is based on panel data from 13 prefecture level cities in Heilongjiang Province from 2014 to 2023. The comprehensive comparative advantage index method is used to measure the comparative advantage of production regions in each city. The spatial autocorrelation analysis method is combined to reveal the spatial change characteristics, and a spatial Durbin model is constructed to analyze the multidimensional impact mechanisms of natural resources, economy, society, technology, and institutions.[Result] The results showed that:(1) From 2014 to 2023, the comparative advantage of soybean production areas in Heilongjiang Province exhibited the characteristics of "gradual shrinkage of scale advantage, continuous enhancement of efficiency advantage, and weakening of comprehensive advantage";(2) In terms of spatial pattern, the spatial agglomeration effect of soybean production in Heilongjiang Province is slowly increasing, and shows a spatial variation characteristic of "stable core advantageous areas in the north and fluctuating adjustments in the south";(3) The empirical results show that the annual average precipitation, resource endowment coefficient, comparative income, total agricultural output value, total power of agricultural machinery per unit area, soybean yield level, and agricultural financial support all have significant positive effects on the comparative advantage of soybean production regions, while the annual average temperature, per capita disposable income of rural residents, and non-agricultural employment opportunities have significant negative effects. [Conclusion] The comparative advantage of soybean regions in Heilongjiang Province is relatively obvious. To further explore and strengthen the comparative advantages of soybean production in the region, it is necessary to focus on strengthening climate adaptability research, optimizing production layout, promoting technology integration and innovation projects, and improving policy guarantee mechanisms. The aim is to enhance the comparative advantages of soybean production in Heilongjiang Province and provide scientific and reliable decision-making basis for the improvement of black soil production capacity and the implementation of food security strategies in Northeast China.